August 2025

Introduction The BRICS formation, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, was formed as a union of rising economies that have the potential to transform economic rules in …

Introduction With climate change gaining momentum, its effects are increasingly coming into view and are disastrous- sea levels are rising and consumed the coastline, extreme weather is devastating lives and …

Introduction The emergence of digital currencies is one of the biggest changes in the world financial system since the abolition of the gold standard. The rise of cryptocurrencies, stable coins, …

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic derailed the world trade and supply chains and showed how much the economies of the world are interconnected. Whether caused by semiconductor shortages, shipments of medical …

Introduction In the last 10 years the debt levels of most developing nations have become unprecedented. Combined with increasing interest rates, borrowing during the pandemic periods, climate shocks, and the …