July 2025

Introduction Economic sanctions have now turned out to be one of the most commonly employed instruments of statecraft in the twenty first century. Since the early 20th century sanctions have …

Introduction After the last 20 years, optimism that followed the conclusion of the Cold War has gradually worn out. The optimistic prognoses regarding the worldwide success of liberal democracy have …

Introduction Much of the post-Cold War years are seen through a binary perspective of the global politics: of the uncontested hegemony of the United States and the threat of reemerging …

Introduction The foundation of global cooperation is multilateralism since the end of the Second World War. The United Nations (UN) as the symbol of a new world order was to …

Introduction Trade conflicts and economic imbalances have been affecting the contours of U.S-China rivalry long. However, in the modern world the rivalry is much more than tariffs and trade measures. …

Under British rule, Muslims visualized the Mehfooz and Mazboot Pakistan. In August 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan. Both countries were divided based on religion. India became …