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In Pakistan, the 2022 floods brought to the fore the dire effects of climate change on the vulnerable areas. Severe rainfalls and melting ice sheets led to massive devastation, economic …

Within 2023, a significant part of the international discourse on Pakistan predicted downfall. The free fall currency drove inflation to 48 years high, interest rates were at a record of …

Introduction The BRICS formation, which includes Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, was formed as a union of rising economies that have the potential to transform economic rules in …

Introduction With climate change gaining momentum, its effects are increasingly coming into view and are disastrous- sea levels are rising and consumed the coastline, extreme weather is devastating lives and …

Introduction The emergence of digital currencies is one of the biggest changes in the world financial system since the abolition of the gold standard. The rise of cryptocurrencies, stable coins, …

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic derailed the world trade and supply chains and showed how much the economies of the world are interconnected. Whether caused by semiconductor shortages, shipments of medical …

Introduction In the last 10 years the debt levels of most developing nations have become unprecedented. Combined with increasing interest rates, borrowing during the pandemic periods, climate shocks, and the …

Introduction Economic sanctions have now turned out to be one of the most commonly employed instruments of statecraft in the twenty first century. Since the early 20th century sanctions have …

Introduction After the last 20 years, optimism that followed the conclusion of the Cold War has gradually worn out. The optimistic prognoses regarding the worldwide success of liberal democracy have …

Introduction Much of the post-Cold War years are seen through a binary perspective of the global politics: of the uncontested hegemony of the United States and the threat of reemerging …

Introduction The foundation of global cooperation is multilateralism since the end of the Second World War. The United Nations (UN) as the symbol of a new world order was to …

Introduction Trade conflicts and economic imbalances have been affecting the contours of U.S-China rivalry long. However, in the modern world the rivalry is much more than tariffs and trade measures. …

Under British rule, Muslims visualized the Mehfooz and Mazboot Pakistan. In August 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan. Both countries were divided based on religion. India became …